Chlorination and Amination Reactions
Safety Issues of Traditional Processes
1. Highly toxic and corrosive raw materials;
2. Raw materials are gaseous at atmospheric pressure but liquid under back pressure, making feeding difficult to control;
3. Large amount of waste gas that is hard to treat;
4. Complex operation with high accident rate.
Characteristics of Liquid Chlorine and Liquid Ammonia
1) Low saturated vapor pressure: liquid chlorine is 0.8~0.9 MPa at room temperature, and liquid ammonia is 0.6~0.7 MPa; similar substances include methyl chloride, etc.
2) Usually stored in steel cylinders, and heating for pressure increase is prohibited, posing safety risks;
3) Highly toxic and strongly corrosive.
Methods and Difficulties of Continuous Process
• Method: Adopting continuous reactors.
• Difficulty: Continuous reactors have tiny channels and relatively high pressure drop, and the biggest difficulty lies in the stable and accurate feeding of liquid chlorine/liquid ammonia and the uniformity of distribution.
| Reactor Type | Reaction Pressure / MPa | Reaction Temperature /℃ | Reaction Time | Conversion /% | By-product /% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stirred Tank Reactor | Atmospheric Pressure | -10,15,30 | 9h | 70% | 13-15 |
| Microreactor | 0.7 MPa | 60 | 1-2min | 90% | 1-2 |
